TRATI  O 


jrvm-c.  ~^£    yUvl<4br4  m 


THE    JEW   AT    HOME 


THE   JEW  AT   HOME 


IMPRESSIONS   OF   A   SUMMER   AND   AUTUMN 
SPENT   WITH   HIM 


BY 


JOSEPH  PVENNELL 


WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS  BY   THE  AUTHOR 


NEW    YORK 

D.    APPLETON    AND     COMPANY 
1892 


COPYRIGHT,  1892, 
BY  D.  APPLETON   AND   COMPANY. 


ELECTROTYPED  AND  PRINTED 
AT  THE  APPLETON  PRESS,  U.  S.  A. 


PREFACE. 


A  LARGE  portion  of  the  following  sketches 
appeared  in  the  Illustrated  London  News  dur- 
ing the  month  of  December,  1891.  But  their 
reappearance  now  gives  me  an  opportunity  of 
making  a  few  explanations  and  stating  a  few 
facts. 

I  went  to  southeastern  Europe  last  summer 
with  no  thought  of  the  Jew  or  his  affairs  in 
my  head.  I  had  no  idea  that  almost  daily  for 
five  months  I  should  see  him  under  all  con- 
ditions of  life — in  fact,  that  I  should  be  un- 
able to  escape  from  him.  I  may  have  formed 
certain  conclusions  about  him,  but  I  have  not 
stated  them,  and  do  not  intend  to.  I  have  been 


M23993 


TTbe  Jew  at  1bome, 


told  repeatedly  by  Jews  and  Christians,  who 
either  have  never  seen  the  Jew  at  home  or  else 
have  spent  a  few  v/eeks  with  him  under  the 
most  favorable  circumstances,  that  I  had  no 
right  to  discuss  the  matter,  since  I  had  not 
studied  the  subject  in  all  its  bearings  ever  since 
the  first  appearance  of  the  Jew  on  the  face  of 
the  earth.  I  have,  however,  had  the  oppor- 
tunity thrust  upon  me  of  seeing  the  Jew  much 
more  intimately  than  the  majority  of  his  de- 
fenders or  his  detractors ;  and  what  I  did  see 
I  have  simply  put  down  in  black  and  white. 
It  requires  no  knowledge  of  life  five  hundred 
years  ago  to  see  how  the  Polish  Jew  is  living 
to-day.  What  may  have  made  the  Austro-Hun- 
garian  or  Russian  Jew  the  most  contemptible 
specimen  of  humanity  in  Europe  it  is  not  my 
purpose  to  discuss.  What  makes  him  dreaded 
by  the  peasant,  wrhat  makes  him  hated  by  the 
proprietor,  what  makes  him  loathed  by  people 
of  every  religion,  and  what  makes  him  despised 
by  his  fellow-religionists  of  the  better  class  who 


preface. 


live  with  him  and  know  him  I  have  no  inten- 
tion of  entering  deeply  into.  If  any  one  does 
not  believe  these  things,  let  him  go  to  south- 
eastern Europe  and  he  will  find  them  out 
quickly  enough.  He  must  look  for  himself, 
however,  and  not  rely  upon  people  who  are 
only  too  ready  to  prevent  him  from  seeing  any- 
thing of  the  real  state  of  affairs. 

I  am  neither  a  Jew  hater  nor  a  Jew  lover. 
I  can  sympathize  with  the  oppressed  Jews  of 
Russia,  and  also  with  the  Hungarians  who  are 
thoroughly  sick  of  those  they  already  have,  and 
who  are  doing  all  they  can  to  keep  from  im- 
porting any  more.  And  here  I  should  like  to 
bring  forward  some  rather  curious  facts  which 
have  been  very  cleverly  ignored.  The  Russians 
who  have  got  the  Jews  in  their  own  territory 
are  going  to  get  rid  of  them.  The  Turks  have 
made  laws  refusing  to  receive  them.  And  Ger- 
many and  Austria-Hungary  are  loudly  calling 
upon  the  rest  of  the  world  to  take  up  collec- 
tions to  prevent  their  settling  in  either  empire. 


Ufoe  3ew  at  Ifoome, 


Is  it  not  rather  singular  that  the  Jews  of  Ham- 
burg, of  Vienna,  of  Buda-Pesth,  who  are  stir- 
ring up  the  world  with  the  stories  of  Russian 
atrocities,  should  be  so  very  careful  that  these 
oppressed  people  of  the  same  race  and  the  same 
religion  should  be  sent  away  as  far  as  possi- 
ble from  their  own  countries  ?  One  might  think 
that  these  poor  hounded  wretches  could  be  set- 
tled quite  as  comfortably  in  some  corners  of 
Germany  or  Austria-Hungary,  where  their  lan- 
guage would  be  understood  and  where  they 
would  find  friends,  as  awray  out  in  the  unknown 
wilderness  of  South  America.  The  most  im- 
portant part  of  the  whole  answer  is  perfectly 
simple.  The  minute  the  Jew  gets  out  of  Russia 
and  into  freedom  he  is  ten  times  worse  than 
while  he  was  there — that  is,  so  long  as  he  is 
settled  in  a  colony  of  his  own  people,  or  in 
large  numbers  in  a  Jew  town.  Here  is  my 
whole  point.  There  is  no  doubt  whatever  that 
these  Jews  who  have  stood-  persecution  for 
centuries  have  in  them  many  elements  of  good 


preface. 


which,  ought  to  be  developed,  which  can  be 
developed,  and  which  are  developed  almost 
every  time  an  individual  Jew  is  given  a  chance. 
The  minute  he  learns  that  he  has  to  stand  or 
fall  by  himself  and  for  himself,  that  he  has  no 
right  to  call  himself  a  deserving  subject  of  pity, 
a  down-trodden  slave,  an  object  of  compassion 
for  shady  millionaires  and  Dorcas  meetings,  he 
does  stand  up  and  becomes  a  citizen  of  respecta- 
bility and  worth.  But  bring  these  miserable 
Jews  away  or  let  them  come  away  in  colonies, 
give  them  clothes  and  money  and  land  and 
plows  and  cattle,  and  help  them  in  a  way  in 
which  you  would  never  help  any  other  men, 
and  they  will  ask  for  more,  until  they  are  strong 
enough  to  drive  everybody  else  out  of  that 
part  of  the  country  in  which  they  have  settled. 
If  you  do  not  believe  this,  go  to  the  Austria- 
Hungarian  frontier  and  find  out.  Here  they 
have  not  been  really  helped ;  they  were  only 
permitted  to  settle  in  large  numbers,  to  enjoy 
perfect  freedom,  and  to  .preserve  all  their  super- 

2 


at  1bome. 


stitious  customs,  their  habits,  and  their  costume, 
with  the  result  that  they  intensified  all  those 
characteristics  which  in  the  end  have  made  them 
so  odious  and  have  driven  the  Russians  to  get 
rid  of  them.  Though  the  Austrian,  as  a  civil- 
ized being,  can  not  well  throw  these  people  out 
of  his  dominions,  every  Austrian  citizen,  Jew 
or  Christian,  is  doing  his  best  to  prevent  any 
more  from  coming  into  the  country. 

My  last  word  is  simply  this :  Treat  the  Jew, 
if  he  is  brought  to  you,  as  an  ordinary  man ; 
grant  him  no  advantages  which  you  would  not 
give  his  Austrian,  Polish,  or  German  fellow- 
countryman,  no  matter  what  his  religion  is. 
Make  him  an  Englishman  or  an  American, 
break  up  his  old  customs,  his  clannishness,  his 
dirt,  and  his  filth — or  he  will  break  you. 

Since  writing  the  above,  the  articles  which 
appeared  in  the  Illustrated  London  News  have 
been  answered  by  a  "  Native  of  Brody,"  in  the 
issue  for  January  9,  1892,  page  55.  Other 
newspapers  have  taken  this  matter  up  and  chal- 


pref  ace,  1 1 


lenged  me  to  answer  him.  But  the  editor  of 
the  Illustrated  London  News,  from  his  stand- 
point, thought  he  had  published  enough  on  the 
subject,  and  did  not  see  his  way  to  printing 
any  more.  I  am  therefore  compelled  to  answer 
the  charges  made  against  me  here,  not  wishing 
to  go  into  a  newspaper  war.  I  challenged  the 
u  Native  of  Brody  "  to  allow  me  to  include  his 
article  in  niy  book,  but  this  you  can  hardly 
expect  one  who  can  not  distinguish  the  differ- 
ence between  Gentile  and  Christian  to  do.  In 
fact,  the  people  who  at  the  present  time  are 
clamoring  so  wildly  for  the  relief  of  the  Rus- 
sian Jew  have  not  even  as  good  arguments  as 
this  "Native  of  Brody,"  and  their  only  outlet 
seems  to  be  in  contributing  to  Darkest  Rus- 
sia and  appealing  to  hysterical  persons  whose 
ignorance  is  only  equaled  by  their  grandilo- 
quence. 

While  I  have  been  told  many  flattering 
things  about  my  articles  concerning  The  Jew 
at  Home  by  Jews  themselves,  it  is  even  more 


12  ftbe  Jew  at  1bome. 


flattering  to  be  taken  so  seriously  by  one  who 
describes  himself  as  "  A  Native  of  Brody." 

Now,  I  do  not  doubt  for  a  moment  that 
this  gentleman  is  a  native  of  Brody,  but  the 
only  charitable  construction  I  can  put  upon  his 
statements,  by  which  he  endeavors  to  refute 
what  I  saw  with  my  own  eyes,  is  that  he  has 
been  so  long  away  from  the  town  that  he  has 
forgotten  all  about  it,  or  that  he  only  knew  it 
in  its  more  prosperous  days.  No  doubt  he  can 
furnish  portraits  of  Brody  Jews  who  have,  no 
character  at  all.  So  could  I,  but  I  wanted  to 
get  the  character  of  the  place.  Therefore  I  did 
draw  "the  particular  type  of  Hebrew"  who  is 
the  "  average  Jew  of  Brody,"  and  if  he  is  what 
my  critic  calls  a  Pharisee,  he  seems  to  have 
obeyed  the  law  of  his  forefathers  and  increased 
and  multiplied  greatly.  I  repeat  again  that  the 
majority  of  the  people  do  nothing  at  all  with 
their  hands.  And  if  the  unbiased  observer  will 
go  into  the  greater  number  of  shops,  enumer- 
ated by  the  "  Native  of  Brody,"  he  will  see  that 


preface.  13 


to  run  them  it  is  necessary  only  to  be  a  sales- 
man and  a  middleman.  If  he  could  also  learn 
the  comparative  Jewish  and  Christian  popula- 
tions of  the  town,  he  would  then  be  in  a  better 
condition  to  estimate  how  many  Jews  could  be 
hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water  to  the 
middle-class  Christian.  As  the  only  person  who 
by  any  stretch  of  imagination  could  be  called 
a  guide,  from  whom  I  obtained  any  informa- 
tion, was  a  Jew,  it  is  rather  curious  that  he 
should  have  furnished  me  with  such  false  data, 
unless  perhaps  he  wants  himself  to  be  helped 
out  of  the  town  of  Brody. 

My  critic  endeavors  to  compare  Brody  of 
thirty -five  years  ago  with  Brody  of  to-day,  and 
then  admits  that  no  comparison  is  possible.  It 
is  only  Brody  of  to-day  which  I  described ;  and 
as  the  Jews  are  in  such  a  large  majority,  why 
do  they  not  make  efforts  to  have  their  town 
better  governed  ?  He  confuses  Austria-Hungary 
and  Brody  so  hopelessly  that  here  it  is  rather 
difficult  to  follow  his  argument.  If  every  im- 


Ube  Jew  at  1bome. 


portant  industry  of  Galicia  owes  its  origin  to 
the  Jews  of  Brody  it  is  very  much  to  their 
credit.  But  of  course  I  am  speaking  only  of 
Brody,  where  "  factories  and  mills  "  are  not 
conspicuous  features.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
they  have  not  concentrated  some  of  their  prac- 
tical energy  upon  their  own  town.  I  do  refer 
to  the  Jewish  hospitals.  But  in  a  town  of  the 
size  of  Brody,  where  nearly  all  the  people  are 
Jews,  these  are  only  what  one  would  expect  to 
tind.  The  charity  of  the  Jews  to  their  own  peo- 
ple is  a  well-known  fact. 

In  the  next  point  which  my  critic  seeks  to 
make  against  me  he  has  unfortunately  left  out 
one  word.  He  says  the  sanitation  in  Brody  is 
as  good  as  that  of  any  other  town  in  the  Austria- 
Hungarian  monarchy  (sic).  He  has  forgotten 
the  qualification  Jewish  ;  had  he  said  Jewish 
town,  I  should  have  agreed  with  him.  As  it  is, 
his  statement  is  as  misleading  as  his  strictures 
on  English  towns  are  unjust.  Doubtless  those 
portions  of  Whitechapel  which  are  inhabited  by 


preface,  15 


emigrants  from  Brody  are  as  dirty  as  that  town 
itself.  I  am  glad  to  have  his  assurance  of  this 
fact,  It  but  confirms  my  conclusion  that  when 
Polish  Jews  are  settled  in  colonies  in  a  new 
land  they  unfortunately  bring  old  customs  and 
habits  along  Avith  them. 

I  have  stated  merely  what  I  saw  with  my 
own  eyes  of  the  women  of  Brody,  and  I  regret 
that  I  have  nothing  to  retract  in  this  respect. 
I  am  glad  to  know  there  is  a  Jewish  theatre  in 
Brody ;  I  certainly  did  not  see  it.  I  also  regret 
that,  although  I  saw  much  of  musical  people  in 
Buda-Pesth  and  other  parts  of  Hungary,  I  never 
heard  a  word  of  the  Musical  Society  of  Brody, 
which  my  critic  describes  as  one  of  the  best  in 
the  country.  As  to  my  not  having  seen  a  re- 
ligious ceremony  in  the  synagogue,  I  endeavored 
to  describe  the  conduct  of  the  people  during 
what  I  believe  is  called  the  Procession  of  the 
Sepharim.  I  took  sufficient  notice  of  the  lamps 
and  the  brass  plaques  in  the  large  synagogue 
to  see  that  they  must  have  been  either  of  the 


1 6  Ube  5ew  at  1bome, 

best  old  Dutch  manufacture  or  beautiful  copies 
of  them  made  by  hand  many  years  ago.  As 
for  the  many  thousand  more  lamps,  if  they  are 
manufactured  in  Brody  they  are  very  careful 
imitations  of  Brummagem  machine-made  goods, 
and  nothing  like  the  beautiful  old  ones  to  which 
I  referred.  I  know  that  the  clothes  of  the  peas- 
ants were  home-made  once,  and  many  of  them 
stil]  are.  But  can  the  "Native  of  Brody"  tell 
me  that  the  Jews  do  not  preside  over  piles  of 
rubbish,  which  I  suppose  must  be*  called  clothes, 
which  they  are  trying  to  make  the  peasants  ex- 
change for  their  own  beautiful  home-made  cos- 

o 

tume  ?  that  the  handkerchiefs  which  all  the 
women  wear  on  their  heads  are  not  the  cheapest 
printed  stuffs  ?  that  cheap  machine-made  boots 
are  not  taking  the  place  of  the  old  foot-coverings 
that  look  more  like  moccasins  ?  But  why  should 
I  go  on  through  the  list,  merely  to  contradict  a 
man  who  does  not  agree  with  me,  but  who  has 
put  forth  no  facts  to  prove  me  in  the  wrong,  and 
who  finally  has  to  fall  back  on  personalities. 


preface,  17 


But  I  must  add  just  one  word  more.  My 
critic  says  I  object  to  the  Jew  because  he  is 
clannish.  I  do,  since  when  he  comes  or  is 
brought  even  only  so  far  away  from  Russia  as 
to  Brody,  to  Whitechapel,  or  to  Vineland,  New 
Jersey,  he  carries  his  customs,  his  habits,  his 
race-prejudices — in  fact,  his  clannishness — along 
with  him.  It  is  rather  unfortunate,  however, 
that  my  critic  brought  in  the  reference  to  Vine- 
land,  as  the  story  of  the  complete  collapse  of 
this  colony,  and  also  of  those  established  in 
South  America,  has  made  rather  sad  reading 
in  the  pages  of  the  Anti- Jacobin  for  some 
weeks.  I  can  recommend  these  articles  to  the 
"  Native  of  Brody,"  and  I  hope  with  him  that 
Baron  Hirsch's  scheme  will  not  have  the  same 
ending. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

I.— IN  AUSTRIA  AND   HUNGARY         ...       23 

II.— IN  AUSTRIAN  POLAND   .         .         .         .         .42 

III.— IN  RUSSIA  64 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


A  Jew  of  Brody         .         .         .        .  .         Frontispiece 

At  Carlsbad  for  his  health         .         .         .         .         .         .25 

The  Judengasse,  Vienna    .......       27 

In  the  market,  Maramaros  Sziget 29 

In  the  Jews'  quarter,  Maramaros  Sziget    ....       31 
Jew  with  peasants  to  hire,  Maramaros  Sziget   .  »      .         .33 

Brody 38 

The  market,  Brody 40 

Interior  of  the  synagogue .45 

The  Jewish  cemetery,  Brody 50 

Going  to  the  market 52 

A  study  of  types,  Brody 54 

He  takes  the  greatest  possible  pride  in  his  own  costume.       58 
The  synagogue,  Brody 61 


22  Ube  Jew  at  1bome. 

PAGE 

The  Russian  Jew 65 

In  the  park,  Brody    .  .69 

The  market  at  Kieff 72 

Lemberg     ...  ...  .76 

A  street,  Berdicheff .79 

Bargaining  in  the  bazaar,  Berdicheff 

A  cafe  scene. — A  contrast  of  types 85 

In  the  streets  of  Brody .88 

Type  of  Sziget  Jew   ...  91 

Bro^y. — The  street  is  nothing  more  than  an  open  sewer.       94 
Type  of  Polish  Jew  . 

On  the  frontier           .  101 

In  South  America 103 


THE     JEW  AT     HOME. 


i.  , 

IN  AUSTRIA  AND   HUNGARY. 

THOUGH  the  Jew  for  some  time  past  has 
been  monopolizing  the  newspapers  and  public 
attention,  my  interest  in  him  was  never  greatly 
aroused  until  this  summer,  when  for  myself  I 
saw  him  as  he  really  is  in  the  southeast  of 
Europe — as  he  is  quite  unknown  in  England 
or  America.  I  met  him  first  in  Carlsbad,  a 
miserable,  weak,  consumptive-looking  specimen 
of  humanity,  a  greasy  corkscrew  ringlet  over 
each  ear,  head  bent  forward,  coat-collar  turned 
up,  hands  crossed  on  his  stomach,  each  buried 


24  Ube  Sew  at  1bome. 


in  the  opposite  sleeve,  coat  reaching  to  his  heels, 
and  a  caricature  of  an  umbrella  under  his  arm. 
I  had  always  supposed  Carlsbad  to  be  the  fa- 
vorite haunt  of  royalty,  and  now  I  found  the 
most  conspicuous  people  in  the  place  were  these 
creatures,  so  many  pages  out  of  German  and 
Austrian:  comic  papers.  Then  next  I  came 
across1  hini  in  Vienna,  in  the  Judengasse,  still 
with.;t3ie  tS&me  curls,  the  same  long  coat,  the 
same  general  greasiness  and  suggestion  of  physi- 
cal incapacity.  He  was  even  more  prominent 
in  Buda-Pesth,  where,  in  crowds,  he  haunted 
the  old-clothes  exchange  in  the  yearly  market, 
and  where  he  seemed,  if  possible,  a  degree  greas- 
ier and  more  degenerate.  And  now  I  began  to 
hear  a  great  deal  about  him  —  not  only  from 
the  philanthropists  who  know  him  not,  and 
therefore  long  to  take  him  into  their  midst, 
but  from  those  who,  knowing  him,  long  to  get 
rid  of  him  for  evermore.  In  England,  where 
one's  sympathies  are  taxed  in  a  fresh  cause 
every  day,  one  could  read  about  "  Philanthrope  " 


I- 

At  Carlsbad  for  his  health. 


f  n  Hustria  anfc 


Hirsch  and  his  Jews  and  remain  indifferent; 
but  it  was  impossible  to  stay  in  Austria  or  Hun- 
gary without  feeling  that  the  Jewish  question 


The  Judengasse,  Vienna. 

was  one  of  the  most  interesting  problems  of  the 
day. 

It  is  in  these  countries  that  one  can  best 
see  him  as  he  really  is.  In  Russia  persecution 
still  lends  him  the  dignity  of  the  martyr ;  but 
in  Austria  and  Hungary  he  is  the  free  man,  at 


28  Ube  3ew  at  1bome. 


liberty  to  live  as  he  chooses,  to  wear  his  ring- 
lets, and  to  make  his  money  by  whatever  means 
suit  him  best — the  free  man  he  will  be  when 
exported  in  hundreds  from  Russia  and  settled 
in  colonies  in  the  new  promised  lands.  Of  the 
progress  he  will  make  when  left  to  his  own 
resources  I  had  excellent  opportunity  to  judge, 
since  I  saw  him  in  the  Austro-Hungarian  Em- 
pire, where  he  is  the  free  citizen,  as  well  as  in 
Russia,  where  he  is  the  oppressed  and  down- 
trodden victim.  That  he  is  cruelly  treated  by 
the  Russian  Government  is  as  certain  as  that 
reports  of  this  cruelty  are  grossly  exaggerated. 
One  would  as  soon  believe  the  Governor  of 
KiefFs  assertion  that  no  Jews  had  been  expelled 
from  his  city  as  many  of  the  stories  one  hears 
from  the  other  side.  In  fact,  one  hardly  knows 
whether  or  not  to  accept  the  late  announce- 
ment of  the  Russian  authorities,  that  all  repress- 
ive measures  against  him  have  been  stopped,  or 
the  equally  surprising  statement  made  by  his 
friends,  that  he  is  still  coming  into  Hamburg  at 


1fn  Hustria  anfc 


the  rate  of  two  or  three  thousand  a  day.  But 
in  all  the  stories  and  reports  afloat  about  him 
small  attention  is  paid  to  his  present  manner 


In  the  market.  Maramaros  Sziget. 


of  life  when  he  is  free  to  regulate  it  for  him- 
self, though  this  is  a  subject  of  far  more  im- 
mediate importance  to  the  world  than  the  his- 
tory of  the  cruelties  and  injustices  that  have 
developed  or  degraded  him  into  what  he  is  in 


30  Ube  Jew  at  1bome, 

Russia.  Nowhere  could  there  be  a  better  chance 
to  study  the  emancipated  Polish  Jew  than  in 
Brody  and  Maramaros  Sziget,  the  biggest  Aus- 
trian and  Hungarian  Jewish  cities ;  in  Lemberg 
and  in  some  of  the  smaller  towns  and  villages 
of  Galicia ;  and  along  the  Russian  frontier  ;  and 
in  all  these  places,  in  which  few,  if  any,  of  his 
modern  historians  and  defenders  have  been,  I 
have  seen  him  and  considered  him  with  that 
interest  which  he,  there  in  such  a  powerful 
majority,  commands.  To  write  about  his  re- 
ligion or  his  social  and  political  condition  is 
beyond  my  purpose ;  I  merely  wish  to  describe 
him  as  I  saw  him,  to  say  something  about  how 
he  lives  and  what  he  does. 

Maramaros  Sziget  is  a  town  of  about  six- 
teen thousand  inhabitants,  situated  in  the  ex- 
treme northeastern  part  of  Hungary.  Among 
these  sixteen  thousand  one  can  find  almost  all 
the  races  of  that  part  of  Europe,  but  consid- 
erably more  than  half  the  population  to-day  are 
Jews,  and  these  are  Polish  and  Russian  Jews 


flu  Hustria  anfc 


who  have  come  there  within  the  last  thirty  or 
forty  years.  It  is  a  typical  Hungarian  town, 
stretching  out  in  almost  every  direction  from 
its  large  central  square,  its  long  streets  inhab- 
ited mainly  by  Hungarians  and  Wallachs,  who 


In  the  Jews'  quarter,  Maramaros  Sziget. 

there  build  their  one  storied  cottages  and  hide 
themselves  behind  their  high  wooden  fences. 
When  you  get  a  glimpse  into  their  yards,  you 
see  the  usual  farmyard  litter  of  any  oihet  coun- 


32  Ube  5ew  at  1bome, 


try  town.  But  unless  the  Jew  has  some  busi- 
ness with  these  people,  he  is  never  in  their 
quarter.  To  find  him  you  must  come  down  to 
the  center  of  the  town,  where  the  great  bulk  of 
the  eight  or  ten  thousand  Jews  are  herded  to- 
gether in  one  street,  living  no  better  than  in 
Whitechapel.  They  have  appropriated  not  only 
the  old  houses  which  lie  at  one  end  of  the 
square,  but  half  the  large  hotel  and  town 
buildings  recently  put  up  in  the  middle  of  it. 
And  here  they  swarm,  as  if  lodgings  were  as 
scarce  and  expensive  as  in  the  heart  of  a  great 
city  like  London.  They  live  in  cellars  and  in 
garrets,  in  alley- ways  and  up  courts,  in  a  state  of 
filth  and  dirt,  which  is  brought  out  in  stronger 
relief  because  of  the  comparative  cleanliness  of 
the  peasant  quarters. 

With  the  exception  of  this  filth — but  this 
is  horribly  serious — there  is  little  on  the  sur- 
face with  which  one  can  reproach  them.  They 
are  always  working,  though  rarely,  if  ever,  with 
their  hands;  they  are  endlessly  bargaining  or 


1Fn  Hustria  anfc  fmngarg. 


33 


haggling  about  something.  If  a  peasant  brings 
in  a  few  watermelons,  he  turns  them  over  to 
the  Jew  middleman,  who  acts  as  commission 


Jew  with  peasants  to  hire,  Maramaros  Sziget. 

merchant — at  what  commission,  however,  I  do 
not  know.  If  the  peasant  wants  to  be  hired, 
he  usually  goes  not  directly  to  the  farmer,  but 
to  the  Jew,  who  at  daybreak  is  arranging  his 
terms  in  the  large  central  market  -  square  and 


34  Ube  Jew  at  1bome. 

in  the  court -yards  surrounding  it.  In  Mara- 
maros  Sziget,  however,  I  saw  Jews  really  do- 
ing something  besides  buying  and  selling ;  they 
were  the  cab-drivers  of  the  town.  The  only 
other  place  where  I  found  them  making  any 
pretense  to  using  their  hands  was  in  Berdicheff, 
where  a  few  were  hiring  themselves  out  as 
wood  -  sawyers.  In  Kieff,  those  who  were  car- 
ters and  cooks  had  been  expelled. 

If  you  ask  the  people  of  Mdramaros  Sziget 
-whether  the  Hungarians  or  Germans,  the 
Ruthenians  or  Wallachs  —  about  the  Jew,  not 
one  will  have  a  good  word  to  say  for  him.  The 
magistrate  will  tell  you  that  there  are  more 
Jews  on  his  charge  list  than  all  the  other  peo- 
ple put  together.  This  was  a  surprise  to  me, 
because  all  through  this  part  of  the  country, 
where  they  abound,  I  found  them  quite  as  hon- 
est and  apparently  as  law-abiding  as  any  one 
else.  They  are  hated  by  the  bankers  because 
up  here  on  the  frontier,  where  there  is  much 
money  -  changing  to  be  done,  their  bank  is  in 


flu  Hustrta  anfc  Ibungarp.  35 

their  trousers'  pockets  and  their  office  wherever 
they  can  stop  anybody  who  wants  to  do  any 
business.  The  peasant  dislikes  and  yet  fears 
them,  because  in  the  bilingual  or  trilingual  coun- 
try they  are  the  only  persons  among  the  lower 
classes  who  take  the  trouble  to  learn  three  or 
four  languages.  One  hears  in  Mardmaros  Sziget, 
and,  indeed,  in  Transylvania,  the  same  stories 
of  the  Jew  sweating  the  peasant  and  taking 
his  land  which  have  been  so  often  told  in  Rus- 
sia, but  for  their  truth  I  can  not  vouch ;  and, 
in  fact,  I  do  not  consider  this  Jewish  trait  of 
much  importance.  If  it  is  true,  and  the  Jew 
should  try  these  little  practices  in  England  or 
America,  he  would  find  that  he  had  a  very 
different  class  of  people  to  deal  with. 

One  branch  of  trade  which  he  has  monopo- 
lized hereabouts  is  inn-keeping,  almost  all  the 
inns,  except  the  larger  ones  in  the  more  im- 
portant towns,  being  managed  by  Jews.  Only 
by  a  stretch  of  the  imagination,  however,  can 
the  name  "  inn  "  be  given  to  the  usually  lonely 


36  Ube  Jew  at  1bome. 


house,  with  no  bush  or  customary  sign  at  the 
door,  with  a  foul  approach  to  it  through  the 
accumulation  of  refuse  which  has  been  thrown 
out  and  left  there,  and  with,  inside,  a  big,  bare 
room,  its  furniture  a  few  tables  and  the  cage 
behind  which  the  proprietor,  as  in  all  Hun- 
garian inns,  keeps  his  stock,  or,  not  infrequent- 
ly, nothing  but  a  broken-down  table,  no  less 
dilapidated  chairs,  and  some  framed  Hebrew 
prints  on  the  wall.  Sometimes  there  is  an  inner 
room  for  more  distinguished  travelers,  a  Jew 
peddler,  perhaps,  or  a  well-to-do  carter ;  but  it 
is  at  the  same  time  the  family  sleeping  -  room, 
where  there  is  sure  to  be  a  squalling  baby  in  a 
cradle  and  two  or  three  friends  of  the  proprie- 
tor talking  over  their  affairs.  I  remember  one 
day  when  a  friend  came  in  carrying,  wrapped 
up  in  dirty  paper,  a  lot  of  meat  in  a  state  in 
which  I  thought  only  a  gypsy  could  have  rel- 
ished it,  but  which  he  displayed  as  a  great 
bargain.  You  can  only  buy  bread  and  wine  in 
these  places,  or  at  times  only  bread  and  milk. 


flu  Hustria  ant)  fjungarg.  37 


What  one  might  get  were  one  compelled  to 
remain  overnight,  hermetically  sealed  up  in  this 
inner  room,  happily  I  am  not  prepared  to  say, 
any  more  than  I  am  to  explain  why  the  Jew 
inn  is  the  filthiest  place  imaginable,  while  the 
Hungarian  inn,  but  a  few  miles  off,  in  the 
same  country,  is  often  as  clean  as  an  English 
one. 

While  talking  about  this  northeast  corner 
of  Hungary  one  might  as  well  include  Aus- 
trian Poland.  The  characteristics  of  Jewish  life 
are  quite  the  same  in  both ;  the  only  difference 
is  in  the  size  of  the  place  where  the  Jews  have 
settled.  Podwoloczyska,  a  town  of  four  or  five 
hundred  inhabitants,  though  only  fifteen  min- 
utes from  the  frontier,  is  as  fully  developed  a 
Jewish  town  as  Entredam,  about  the  same  size, 
which  is  some  twelve  hours  from  the  frontier 
in  Transylvania.  What  I  mean  is  that  the 
minute  the  Jew  is  allowed  to  adopt  the  habits 
wrhich  the  Christian  finds  so  odious,  he  does  so. 
Bat  first  he  has  to  get  out  of  Russia.  Brody, 


38  Ube  Sew  at  1bome. 

the  largest  purely  Jewish  town  in  Austria-Hun- 
gary, is  the  most  awful  example  of  Jewish  life 
I  have  ever  seen.  Once  one  of  the  free  cities 
of  the  empire,  and  then  a  flourishing  place,  it 


Brody. 

became  a  center  for  Jews.  It  has  now  lost  its 
freedom,  but  not  its  Jewish  population.  In  the 
latter  respect,  indeed,  it  has  rather  gained.  The 
town  has  become  poorer  and  poorer,  and  so 
have  its  twenty  thousand  inhabitants.  The 
friend  of  the  Jew  tells  you  that  the  Jew  of 
Brody  does  not  go  away  because  he  has  not 
money  enough ;  the  Antisemite  says  he  does  not 
go  because  he  does  not  want  to.  Any  way,  it 


1fn  Bustria  attfc  1bungar£.  41 


is  quite  evident  that  he  stays  there,  while  the 
commerce  of  the  town  has  left  it,  that  he  seems 
perfectly  content  to  loaf  and  idle  all  day,  hag- 
gling in  the  public  square,  happy  if  he  can 
gain  enough  money  to  pay  for  his  supper.  And 
it  is  this  apparent  idleness,  this  objection  to 
manual  work,  which  makes  the  Jew  so  hated, 
his  coming  so  dreaded,  all  through  Austria- 
Hungary,  and  more  especially  along  the  front- 
ier. In  a  word,  to  sum  up,  the  Austro-Hun- 
garian  Jew  produces  nothing,  he  lives  on  noth- 
ing, and  apparently  he  wants  nothing.  His 
home  is  cheerless,  his  costume  is  disreputable, 
and  he  stands  around  doing  nothing  with  his 
hands  in  a  country  where  every  one  else  of  his 
class  is  at  work,  takes  a  pride  in  his  home,  and 
dresses  like  a  picture. 


II. 

IN  AUSTRIAN   POLAND. 

BKODY,  the  largest  Jewish  town  in  Austria- 
Hungary,  lies  so  near  the  Russian  frontier  that 
that  part  of  it  which  is  not  Jewish  is  almost 
Russian.  Here,  as  at  all  the  other  frontier 
towns,  three  languages  are  spoken,  but  they  are 
languages  which  are  not  studied  by  the  average 
linguist  —  Polish,  Russian,  and  Hebrew.  Of 
course,  every  Jew,  and  this  means  almost  every- 
body, talks  a  sort  of  German,  while  the  chances 
are  that  the  seediest  may  ask  you  where  you 
come  from  in  English,  French,  or  Italian.  For 
the  Jew  of  this  country  is  something  like  the 
Chinaman;  he  goes  abroad  to  make  a  little 
money,  and  when  he  has  made  it,  he  comes 


1Fu  Hustrian  polanb.  43 

home  not  to  enjoy  it,  like  the  Italian,  but  to 
gain  more,  if  he  can,  out  of  his  fellow-country- 
men. 

Brody  is  interesting,  not  only  because  it  is 
the  largest  Jewish  town  in  that  part  of  Austria- 
Hungary  which  was  formerly  Poland,  but  be- 
cause here  one  sees  fully  developed  a  curious 
architecture  of  which  there  are  traces  in  Lem- 
berg,  Cracow,  and  Warsaw.  The  central  part 
of  the  town  is  strongly  built  with  great  stone 
two-storied  houses,  which  have  huge  iron  doors 
on  the  ground  floor  and  strong  iron  shutters 
to  all  the  windows.  These  buildings  were  the 
store-houses  of  merchants  when  Brody  was  a 
prosperous  commercial  city ;  to-day  they  are  the 
warrens  in  which  burrow  innumerable  Jewish 
families.  Late  in  the  morning,  for  the  Jew  is 
not  an  early  bird,  they  unbar  the  iron  doors 
and  come  out ;  early  in  the  evening  they  bar 
themselves  up  behind  them  for  the  night.  Not 
even  in  the  most  important  bank  is  there  such 
a  suggestion  of  strength  about  doors  and  win- 


44  Ube  3ew  at  fbome, 

dows,  such  an  apparent  fear  that  some  one  may 
break  in.  Naturally,  people  who  bury  them- 
selves in  warehouses  never  intended  to  be  lived 
in  can  not  expect  to  be  overhealthy;  and,  to 
make  matters  worse,  their  refuse  is  all  pitched 
into  the  street,  which  is  nothing  more  than  an 
open  sewer.  Their  sanitary  habits  and  customs 
are  rather  too  primitive  to  be  gone  into. 

In  Brody  and  all  the  other  towns  I  went 
to,  save  Lemberg  (where  there  was  a  Jewish 
theatre,  which  I  did  not  see,  however,  because 
it  was  closed),  the  Jews  seemed  to  have  no 
amusement  except  going  to  the  synagogue.  But 
I  was  in  Brody  during  the  celebration  or  anni- 
versary of  the  Exodus,  and  at  this  they  cer- 
tainly were  enjoying  themselves.  The  chief 
synagogue  in  Brody  is  a  huge  square  building, 
with  a  large  hall  for  the  men  in  the  center, 
and  on  either  side,  like  side  aisles  in  a  church, 
two  smaller  rooms  for  the  women.  Through 
narrow  grated  windows  the  latter  look  in  on 
the  ceremony,  which  that  night  seemed  to  have 


1Fn  Hustrfan  polanb.  47 


as  great  an  attraction  for  them  as  it  had  for 
me.  The  main  hall  was  crowded  with  a  push- 
ing,  struggling  mass  of  men  and  boys.  They 
walked  about,  talked  to  friends  in  their  loudest 
tones,  breaking  off  to  chant  responses  or  to 
pray  with  that  violent  bending  of  the  body 
which,  merely  to  look  at,  makes  one  almost 
dizzy.  Small  boys  ran  up  and  down,  carrying 
little  banners  with  lighted  candles  atop,  or  let 
off  squibs  and  fire-crackers.  A  lot  of  curious 
ceremonies  were  gone  through,  the  most  singu- 
lar of  which,  in  one  of  the  smaller  synagogues, 
was  the  unending  dance  of  a  number  of  men. 
But  what  was  most  notable  was  that  the  place 
was  less  like  a  church  than  a  stock  exchange 
or  a  bourse,  where  every  few  minutes  business 
and  talk  were  interrupted  by  the  chanting  of 
responses  and  by  prayers.  It  might  have  been 
the  synagogue  denounced  by  Christ  in  Jerusa- 
lem nineteen  hundred  years  ago.  The  squabbles 
among  the  boys,  always  violently  suppressed 
by  their  elders ;  the  ever-recurring  striking  of 


48  ZTbe  Jew  at  1bome, 

the  two  great  boards ;  the  struggle  to  get  up 
on  the  central  platform;  the  never-ending  pro- 
cession of  the  great  scrolls,  around  and  around ; 
the  really  beautiful  singing  which  was  heard  at 
times ;  the  marvelous  beauty  of  the  old  swing- 
ing brass  lamps  in  which  this  synagogue  is  so 
rich  ;  the  haggling  and  the  disputing — none  of 
these  could  let  me  forget  for  a  minute  the 
awful  stench  of  filthy  human  flesh  which  per- 
vaded the  place.  I  have  been  present  at  al- 
most all  the  great  religious  festivals  of  Europe 
in  which  people  pack  themselves  together  in 
overheated  and  badly  ventilated  buildings  for 
hours,  but  never  in  my  life,  in  any  country  or 
under  any  conditions,  have  I  been  sickened  by 
such  a  smell  as  in  these  Jewish  synagogues. 
While  the  greater  number  of  the  men  are  in 
the  synagogue,  many  of  the  women  devote  them- 
selves to  their  toilet,  never  taking  the  trouble 
to  close  their  curtainless  windows.  A  walk 
through  the  town  at  this  hour  will  show  one 
a  surprising  series  of  realistic  pictures  of  Susan- 


f/SkP20®*--~~^~-  ---^^ .— ; J  -— — = -HW    <3~?SF'  f 


1Fn  Hustrian  polanfc.  51 


nah,  and  apparently  the  sight  is  so  common 
that  it  seems  no  longer  to  interest  the  elders. 
Whether  because  the  Jew  delights  in  exhibit- 
ing the  interior  of  his  house,  or  whether  be- 
cause of  some  old  law  which  compelled  him  to 
do  everything  in  public,  it  is  a  fact  that  he  per- 
forms in  a  quite  open  manner  all  those  func- 
tions usually  considered  strictly  private.  All 
through  this  part  of  the  country  a  window-cur- 
tain in  a  Jew's  house  is  almost  unknown,  and 
privacy  is  unsought.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
is  nothing  to  see  in  his  house.  Its  interior  is 
the  barest,  most  forlorn,  most  uninteresting 
imaginable,  and  it  is  not,  as  far  as  I  could  dis- 
cover, until  after  the  Jew  is  dead  that  he  has 
the  slightest  pride  in  his  looks.  Then  it  seems 
necessary  that  he  should  be  buried  with  the 
rest  of  his  people  under  a  tombstone  some 
eight  or  ten  feet  high,  decorated  in  the  most 
fantastic  fashion;  one  side  is  gilded  elaborate- 
ly, and  covered  with  Hebrew  characters,  though 
the  other,  perfectly  plain,  save  for  a  tiny  in- 


Ube  Jew  at  1bome, 


scription,  is  unhewn  and  rough.  But  even  here, 
in  their  cemetery  as  in  their  quarter  in  the 
town,  the  Jews  are  crowded  and  jostled  to- 


Going  to  the  market. 

gether.    The  graveyard  of  Brody,  with  the  great 
stones   leading   in    every   direction,  backed   up 


y/.yf^   V»'i^*4f.  .  <».         fv  /^  "        S-SS^a^W=C^3»— 


t 

PQ 
I 


1Fn  Hustrfan  fcolanfc,  55 

against  a  deep,  dark  wood,  through  which,  here 
and  there,  you  may  see  a  long  black  figure 
wandering,  is  one  of  the  uncanniest  places  I 
ever  got  into,  and  it  had  the  same  unkempt, 
uncared-for  look  that  is  over  every  street  and 
square  where  the  Jews  live.  However  unwill- 
ing or  unable  as  the  Jew  is  to  spend  money 
on  himself,  he  seems  ready  to  spend  it  on  his 
neighbor.  Miserable  as  is  his  own  home,  he 
manages  to  support  a  large  Jewish  hospital, 
which  is  reasonably  clean  and  comfortable. 

The  weekly  market  was  held  while  I  was 
in  Brody.  The  peasants,  who  came  from  the 
surrounding  country,  were  all  in  more  or  less 
picturesque  costume,  especially  the  women,  but 
the  Jewesses  of  the  town  wore  no  distinctive 
dress,  though  some  of  the  better  class  had  their 
hair  arranged  in  that  horribly  quaint  fashion  of 
about  1850,  and  wore  ear-rings  of  the  same 
awful  period.  There  was  no  attempt,  as  in  the 
markets  of  so  many  Hungarian  and  Austrian 
towns  where  Jews  are  few  or  none,  to  supply 


56  ftfoe  Sew  at  1bome. 

the  peasants  with  their  own  often  beautiful  cos- 
tume. For,  if  in  Europe  there  have  been  now 
and  then  great  Jewish  musicians,  great  Jewish 
poets  and  artists,  it  is  no  less  true  that  the 
average  Jew  all  over  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  Continent  is  doing  his  best  to  crush  out 
all  artistic  sense  in  the  peasants  by  supplant- 
ing their  really  good  handiwork  with  the  vilest 
machine-made  trash  that  he  can  procure.  He 
himself  is  altogether  without  any  appreciation 
of  beauty.  In  JBrody,  if  one  pointed  to  the 
lovely  old  Dutch  lamps  in  the  synagogue  as 
proof  to  the  contrary,  the  Jew  would  quickly 
make  it  clear  that  his  pride  in  them  is  really 
due  not  to  the  loveliness  of  their  design,  but 
to  the  price  a  bric-a-brac  dealer  from  Vienna 
once  offered  for  them.  The  only  things  the 
Jew  had  for  sale  in  the  Brody  market  were 
old  clothes,  which  may  have  come  from  Vienna 
or  Buda-Pesth,  or  anywhere  else,  apparently  all 
the  old  stove  -  pipe  hats  of  Europe,  and  the 
poorest,  cheapest  fabrics,  which  he  was  endeav- 


He  takes  the  greatest  possible  pride  in  his  own  costume. 


IFn  Hustrian  Poland  59 

oring  to  force  the  peasant  to  buy.  It  is  a  curi- 
ous trait  of  the  Polish  Jew  that,  while  he  shows 
the  keenest  pride  in  his  own  ringlets,  actually 
going  to  his  barber  to  have  them  curled,  shed- 
ding tears  when,  forced  to  serve  his  term  in  the 
Austrian  army,  they  must  be  cut  off ;  while  he 
furls  his  dirty  old  caftan  around  him  and  proud- 
ly promenades  about  in  his  old  ceelynder,  which 
most  people  would  consider  worn  out  before 
he  ever  got  it — in  a  word,  while  he  takes  the 
greatest  possible  pride  in  his  costume,  he  takes 
the  greatest  possible  pains  to  make  all  other 
people  give  up  theirs.  The  Jew  with  clothes 
to  sell  is  the  same  the  world  over.  He  rushes 
out  and  assails  every  one  who  passes  in  Brody, 
as  in  Whitechapel  or  New  York.  For  a  man 
whose  sole  aim  in  life  is  buying  and  selling,  his 
methods  are  most  unbusiness-like  and  repulsive. 

The  inquisitiveness  of  the  Polish  Jew  is 
something  one  can  not  understand.  There  is 
an  awful  desire  with  him  always  to  know  where 
you  came  from  and  what  you  are  doing.  The 


60  Ube  Jew  at  fbome* 

minute  this  is  gratified,  however,  he  shows  no 
further  active  interest  in  you,  though  he  may 
have  used  half  a  dozen  languages  in  trying  to 
get  the  information.  Once  he  has  got  it,  he 
will  simply  stop  and  stand  in  front  of  you  and 
stare,  especially  if  you  are,  as  I  was,  trying  to 
draw  the  town.  But  when  I  questioned  him 
about  himself  and  his  own  affairs  and  prospects 
he  had  absolutely  nothing  to  tell  me.  I  started 
to  make  this  drawing  of  the  synagogue,  but 
such  a  big  crowd  came  and  stood  around  to 
stare  that  I  could  not  see  anything  over  their 
heads.  I  tried  to  work  from  a  little  elevated 
place,  but  they  crowded  all  the  more.  They 
did  not  seem  interested  in  my  sketch,  but  ap- 
parently just  liked  to  look  at  me,  and  enjoyed 
loafing  there,  doing  nothing  else  by  the  hour, 
so  that  in  the  end  all  I  could  do  was  to  draw 
them  instead  of  the  synagogue.  They  were 
perfectly  good-natured  about  it,  and  seemed 
willing  that  I  should  make  all  the  drawings  of 
them  I  wanted. 


tn  Hustrtan  polanfc,  63 

But,  for  all  their  amiability,  I  was  always 
unpleasantly  conscious  that  here  were  people 
who,  despite  their  poverty,  never  work  with 
their  hands ;  whose  town,  except  for  its  soli- 
tary Russian  church,  its  sham  classic  castle,  and 
the  old  plaques  and  brass  lamps  in  the  syna- 
gogue, contains  nothing  of  beauty,  and  is  but  a 
hideous  nightmare  of  dirt,  disease,  and  poverty ; 
and  that  all  this  misery  and  ugliness  is  in  a 
large  measure  the  outcome  of  their  own  habits 
and  way  of  life,  and  not,  as  is  usually  sup- 
posed, forced  upon  them  by  Christian  perse- 
cutors. 


III. 

IN  KUSSIA. 

FROM  Brody  I  went  to  Kieff,  and  the  min- 
ute I  crossed  the  Eussian  frontier  I  encountered 
the  Eussian  Jew.  He  is  only  the  same  Polish 
Jew,  who  here,  instead  of  being  an  Austrian, 
is  a  Eussian  subject.  But  he  is  altogether  dif- 
ferent in  costume  and  in  many  other  respects. 
His  ringlets  are  gone,  and  so  are  his  top -hat 
and  furry  turban.  He  still  keeps  his  hands 
buried  in  his  sleeves,  whether  hanging  at  his 
side  or  crossed  on  his  stomach,  and  the  caftan 
still  remains,  though  it  is  in  no  way  remark- 
able in  Eussia,  where  everybody,  in  winter  at 
least,  has  on  a  coat  down  to  his  heels.  He 
looks  about  as  miserable  as  in  Austria,  from 


The  Russian  Jew. 


1Fn  TCussia,  67 


tlie  same  causes  I  have  noted  ;  but  lie  is  not 
so  conspicuous,  since  lie  wears  the  same  big  cap, 
drawn  down  to  his  ears,  and  the  same  high  boots 
and  gum  shoes  as  the  Russian.  To  say  that 
in  this  part  of  Russia  he  looks  more  wretched 
than  the  Jew  across  the  border  is  to  confess 
that  one  knows  little  about  him. 

It  was  on  my  way  to  Kieff  that  I  was 
afforded — I  am  afraid  not  knowingly — by  the 
Russian  Government  an  example  of  how  they 
really  do  treat  him.  It  is  only  necessary  to 
see  a  Russian  eviction  once  to  make  you  for 
the  time  being  throw  aside  all  your  reason  for 
sentiment.  The  train  I  was  in  drew  up  at  about 
two  in  the  morning,  and  stopped  there  for  its 
usual  half-hour.  It  was  so  dark  where  I  was, 
for  the  train  was  enormously  long  and  my  car 
near  the  head  of  it,  that  I  could  not  make  out 
the  name  of  the  place.  The  three  bells  were 
rung,  and  the  other  complicated  signals  gone 
through,  and  then  I  suddenly  noticed  that  the 
engine,  and  not  the  train,  went  off.  At  the 


68  Ube  5ew  at  1bome* 

same  time  I  heard  just  under  my  window  a 
scuffling  and  some  women  crying.  I  thought 
it  might  be  worth  while  to  look  out.  I  went 
to  the  door  of  the  car.  On  the  platform,  right 
in  front  of  me,  I  could  just  see  a  huddled-up 
group  of  people  a  few  yards  ahead.  I  walked 
toward  them  ;  there  were  two  old  Jews,  a  couple 
of  younger  men,  two  or  three  women,  and  some 
children.  They  were  accompanied  by  four  sol- 
diers, in  little  black  caps  and  huge  overcoats, 
with  immense  swords,  w^hich  they  held  drawn 
in  their  hands.  There  was  a  sergeant  or  cor- 
poral with  them.  The  engine  and  the  luggage 
van  came  slowly  back,  having  picked  up  a  car 
which,  as  there  was  a  light  inside,  I  could  see 
had  grated  windows.  It  stopped;  two  of  the 
Cossacks — one  knows  what  a  Cossack  is  a  few 
hours  after  one  has  been  in  this  part  of  Russia- 
seized  one  of  the  oldest  Jews,  who  was  literally 
doubled  up  under  a  great  bag,  and  shoved  him 
toward  the  car.  He  stumbled,  and  a  few  mis- 
erable old  rags,  some  tin  pots,  and  broken  bread 


1Tn 


69 


rolled  on  the  platform  and  on  the  track,  but 
he  was  half  thrown,  half  dragged,  out  of  sight ; 
the  rest  were  pushed  in  after  him  as  roughly  as 
a  man  who  had  only  one  hand  to  use,  while  he 


In  the  park,  Brody. 

held  his   sword   in   the   other,  could  do  it;   a 
porter  was  called   by  the  sergeant  to  pick  up 


70  Ube  Sew  at  fbome. 


what  lie  could  find  in  a  minute  or  two  of  the 
old  Jew's  possessions,  and  the  train  moved  off. 
A  couple  of  the  Cossacks  were  laughing  on  the 
platform,  the  porters  said  not  a  word,  and  there 
was  not  another  man  about  to  see  this,  I  sup- 
pose, trivial  example  of  Russian  authority.  The 
putting  of  half  a  dozen  people  into  the  train 
by  sufficient  force  to  have  moved  ten  times 
their  number  was  the  worst  instance  of  child- 
ishness and  brutality  that  I  have  ever  witnessed. 
Where  the  Jews  went  I  do  not  know.  When 
I  again  awoke,  in  the  morning,  and  looked  out 
the  van  had  disappeared,  and  about  ten  o'clock 
I  got  to  Kieff. 

Kieff  is  chiefly  notable,  so  far  as  the  Jews 
go,  for  its  un-Jewish  character.  For  while  the 
Jews  monopolize  some  of  the  few  trades  of  the 
town  which  they  are  still  allowed  to  pursue, 
they  do  not  monopolize  one's  attention,  as  in 
almost  all  the  other  places  to  which  I  went. 
Nothing  could  be  more  absurd  than  the  action 
of  the  Kieff  authorities  in  turning  out  all  the 


cxrjfc^rj;  Mirit-^mv^^^  \  *«>K»M> 


The  market  at  Kieff. 


1Fn  "IRussia.  73 


Jew  musicians  from  the  theatres ;  still  more 
serious  was  their  prohibiting  all  Jews  from  be- 
ing carters  and  cooks.  And  yet,  although  these 
steps  have  been  taken  recently,  not  only  do 
you  now  find  the  entire  fur  and  clothing  busi- 
ness in  their  hands,  not  only  do  you  see  them 
in  the  markets  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  town 
selling  the  cheapest  and  worst  possible  stuffs 
and  sham  goods  to  the  peasants  at  the  highest 
possible  prices,  but  they  seem  as  perfectly  happy 
and  contented  as  in  Austria,  showing  no  dread 
of  future  expulsion  or  loss  "of  present  business. 

It  is  quite  true  that  they  can  only  live  in 
two  quarters  of  the  town  (and  even  there,  it  is 
said,  only  on  suffrage),  one  of  which  has  been 
appropriated  by  the  richer  class  of  Jews,  the 
other  by  the  poorer ;  but  certainly  none  of 
them,  rich  or  poor,  in  their  shops  or  in  their 
houses,  look  as  if  they  thought  their  life  in 
Russia  was  hanging  by  a  single  thread.  As  I 
saw  the  Polish  Jew  in  Kieff,  in  Berdicheff,  and 
on  the  Russian  frontier,  he  was  no  poorer,  no 

10 


74  ftbe  Sew  at  1bome, 

more  miserable,  no  dirtier,  no  more  a  subject  of 
deserving  pity  than  the  Polish  Jew  in  Austria 
or  Hungary.  To  compare  Kieff  with  an  Aus- 
trian town  like  Lemberg  is  to  learn  how  slight 
is  the  difference  in  their  condition  in  the  coun- 
try where  they  are  free  men.  If  in  Kieff  the 
poorer  Jews  are  compelled  to  live  in  a  certain 
part  of  the  town,  in  Lemberg  they  do  so  now 
from  choice.  In  both  their  quarters  are  near 
the  great  city  markets,  in  both  they  are  deal- 
ers in  all  sorts  of  small  wares  for  the  peasants, 
in  both  they  have  a  monopoly  in  old  clothes, 
and  in  both  they  are  forever  squabbling,  bar- 
gaining, haggling  together  and  with  the  peas- 
ants. In  some  respects  they  are  better  off  in 
Russia.  For  the  poorer  Jewish  quarter  of  Kieff 
is  comparatively  clean,  the  sanitary  regulations 
are  strictly  enforced,  and  the  streets  as  well  at- 
tended to  as  in  any  other  part  of  the  town. 
In  Lemberg,  though  the  rest  of  the  city  was 
marvelously  clean,  and  though  it  was  snowing 
when  I  got  there,  the  streets  were  being  swept 


Lemberg. 


1Tn  IRussia.  77 


everywhere  except  in  the  filthy  Jewish  quar- 
ter. Lemberg  contains  street  after  street  of  im- 
posing new  apartment  houses,  with  shops  on 
the  ground  floor,  very  pretentious,  like  all  of 
Austria-Hungary;  those  in  which  the  natives 
live  are  clean,  but  those  taken  possession  of  by 
the  Jews  are  unspeakably  dirty,  dirtier  than 
anything  I  saw  in  Russia.  It  might  be  thought 
from  this  that  the  authorities  of  Lemberg  did 
not  care  what  became  of  the  Jews,  were  not 
the  same  dirt  and  filth  found  in  the  Jewish 
quarter  of  every  Austrian  town. 

Much  sentiment  has  been  wasted  over  the 
poverty-stricken  appearance  of  the  Russian  Jew, 
his  consumptive,  hollow  -  chested  look,  and  his 
shambling  walk.  But  if  the  most  cheerful  and 
best-fed  man  in  Europe  wTill  turn  up  his  coat- 
collar  at  the  back,  cross  his  hands  on  the  pit 
of  his  stomach,  and  bury  them  in  his  sleeves, 
look  out  of  the  corners  of  his  eyes  and  well 
project  his  under  lip,  he  could  make  himself 
into  the  most  beautiful  example  of  a  distressed 


78  Ube  Sew  at  1bome. 


Russian  Jew  you  could  want ;  even  an  Adonis 
or  a  Hercules  would  be  at  once  reduced  to  an 
object  of  pity  and  charity. 

The  Jew  naturally  is  not  physically  weaker 
than  the  peasant.  As  a  soldier,  when  he  is 
made  to  stand  up  straight,  he  is  as  fine  a  man 
as  any  other  Russian,  with  the  exception  that 
he  can  not  march  as  well,  but  becomes  quickly 
footsore.  This  is  because  he  never  takes  any 
exercise ;  he  never  walks,  he  never  carries  any 
burdens — in  fact,  he  never  uses  his  hands  or  his 
legs  if  he  can  help  it.  In  Hungary,  when  the 
Jew  is  too  poor  or  unable  to  get  a  peasant  to 
drive  him  in  his  cart,  he  can  still  load  a  gypsy 
with  all  his  traps,  or,  as  a  last  resource,  his  wife 
becomes  his  beast  of  burden.  If  his  hair  and 
beard  were  decently  cut  and  trimmed,  the  look 
of  ill-health  would  quickly  disappear  from  his 
face.  The  real  wonder  is  that  the  filth  with 
which  he  surrounds  himself  does  not  undermine 
his  constitution  forever.  That  he  lives  long 
enough  is  proved  by  the  large  number  of  old 


,11          -> 


A  street,  Berdicheff, 


flu  IRussia,  8 1 


gray-headed  Polish  Jews  one  sees  in  every  Jew- 
ish town. 

The  hatred  which  the  Kussians  and  every- 
body else  you  meet  in  Kieff  have  for  the  Jew 
is  intense.  They  even  go  so  far  in  their  preju- 
dice as  to  tell  you  that  his  being  forcibly — often 
cruelly — expelled  is  his  own  fault ;  that  when 
he  is  told  to  go,  he  refuses  to  get  his  passport 
or  sell  his  goods ;  that,  consequently,,  when  he- 
is  actually  turned  out,  he  has.  no  passport,  no 
money,  and  can  not  go.  The  Government,  there- 
fore, sends  him  to  the  frontier;  but  when,  he« 
arrives  there  and  can  not  cross  it  without  the 
necessary  passport,  he  is  probably  dispatched  to 
prison,  where  he  stays  until  they  are  tired  of 
keeping  him.  As  far  as  I  can  see,  the  only 
difference  in  this  matter  between  a  Jew  and  a 
Christian  is  that  the  Christian  would  make  a 
still  stronger  resistance,  a  harder  fight  for  his 
rights.  Nevertheless,  it  is  on  such  arguments 
that  the  Russians  base  the  defense  of  their  treat- 
ment of  the  Jews.  On  the  other  hand,  no  one 
11 


82  zrbe  Sew  at  1bome* 

who  has  seen  the  Jew  in  Russia  can  wonder 
that  they  want  to  get  rid  of  a  creature  who  is 
so  clannish  and  so  dirty,  who  is  so  entirely  bent 
on  making  a  little  money  for  himself,  whose 
shops  in  the  large  and  commercial  towns  are 
always  the  meanest — in  a  word,  whose  every 
action  is  calculated  to  foster  and  keep  alive  that 
hatred  or  race  -  prejudice  which  has  existed 
against  him  ever  since  he  first  turned  up  in 
Egypt.  He  has  schools  for  his  children  in  these 
Russian  towns ;  but  apparently  it  is  chiefly  that 
they  may  learn  Hebrew,  a  language  which  the 
rest  of  the  people  can  not  understand,  the  knowl- 
edge of  which  marks  them  more  than  ever  as  a 
race  apart. 

Little  as  I  saw  of  Russia,  I  was  fortunate 
enough  to  go  to  both  a  great  Jewish  and  a 
great  Christian  center.  To  Kieff  the  peasant 
pilgrims  come  to-day,  inspired  by  a  religious  fer- 
vor which  I  do  not  believe  was  ever  surpassed 
in  the  middle  ages,  while  the  barbaric  splendor 
and  magnificence  of  the  churches  would  impress 


1Fn  IRussta. 


the  least  impressionable.  Berdicheff,  too,  is  a 
great  pilgrimage  place  for  the  Jew.  There  the 
pilgrims  crowd,  not  from  any  love  of  religion, 


Bargaining  in  the  bazaar,  Berdicheff. 

but  eager  to  barter  and  to  buy.  Kieff  is  filled 
with  beauty,  Berdicheff  with  misery.  In  this 
great  city  of  one  hundred  thousand  people,  nine- 


84  Ube  Sew  at  1bome, 

ty  thousand  of  whom  are  Jews,  there  are  only 
two  buildings  which  are  worthy  of  the  least 
attention — the  Roman  Catholic  and  the  Russian 
churches.  The  rest  of  the  town  is  completely 
given  over  to  the  great  bazaars  in  which  the 
big  fairs  are  held.  The  churches  even  struggle 
with  the  Jewish  shops,  which  have  burrowed 
underneath  them  and  have  been  carried  up  to 
the  very  doors.  Among  almost  every  people, 
except  these  Jews,  the  business  man  has  a  pride 
in  his  shop,  a  pride  which,  though  it  may  only 
express  itself  in  an  attempt  to  be  more  gaudy 
and  pretentious  than  his  rival  or  his  neighbor,  is 
at  least  healthy.  But  the  Jew  is  without  all 
such  feeling.  In  a  huge  trading  center  like 
Berdicheif,  where  the  largest  Jewish  fair  in  the 
world,  I  believe,  is  held,  a  cellar,  a  garret,  or  a 
shed  is  quite  good  enough  for  the  Jew  merchant 
or  dealer.  Nor  can  it  be  argued  that  he  does 
not  build  shops  because  he  is  afraid  of  being 
turned  out,  since  he  manages  his  business  in 
exactly  the  same  way  wherever  he  goes  —  in 


1Fn  IKussia. 


Brody  and  Maramaros  Sziget  as  in  Berdicheff. 
He  shows  an  absolute  unwillingness  to  do  any- 
thing to  benefit  the  town  to  which  he  belongs 
or  the  people  among  whom  he  lives.  In  the 
country  he  is  much  the  same  as  in  the  town.  If 


A  cafe  scene. — A  contrast  of  types. 

the  Hungarian  does  not  want  him  to  have  land, 
it  is  because  the  Jew's  only  object  in  getting  it 


86  ube  Jew  at  1bome. 

is  not  to  make  it  his  own,  not  to  improve  it, 
but  to  farm  it  out,  to  play  the  middleman.  He 
does  not  work  it  himself,  and  this  is  opposed 
to  all  Hungarian  ideas,  to  the  very  principles 
for  which  they  fought  in  the  great  revolution 
of  '48. 

The  Polish  Jew  to-day  may  be  what  cent- 
uries of  persecution  and  oppression  have  made 
him.  Christians  may  really  be  responsible  for 
the  characteristics  which  render  him  most  re- 
pulsive in  Christian  eyes ;  a  fact  to  be  regretted, 
just  as  the  degeneration  of  any  race  by  force  of 
circumstances — by  change  of  climate  or  geologi- 
cal conditions — is  to  be  deplored.  But  the  work 
of  long  years  can  not  be  undone  in  a  day,  and 
to  civilize  the  Polish  Jew  according  to  our  stand- 
ard is  about  as  difficult  a  task  as  to  civilize  the 
red  Indian.  Habits  of  old  thrust  upon  him 
have  at  last  become  instinctive.  In  Russia  and 
Austria-Hungary  he  has  outgrown  the  character 
supposed  to  be  typically  Jewish.  He  may  be  a 
trifle  keener  and  cleverer  than  the  Russian  peas- 


1ht  IRussia.  89 


ant,  who  is,  perhaps,  the  dullest  creature  God 
ever  made ;  but  that  is  the  whole  extent  of  his 
cleverness.  A  poor  Jew  in  the  West  w^as  once 
thought  a  physical  and  moral  impossibility;  in 
a  country  like  mediaeval  England,  despite  per- 
secution more  relentless  and  cruel  than  that  to 
which  he  is  now  subjected  in  Russia,  he  throve 
and  prospered  and  was  always  rich.  The  aver- 
age Polish  Jew  in  Russia  not  only  is  wretch- 
edly poor,  but  he  seems  reconciled  to  his  pov- 
erty. What  the  personal  morals  of  the  Jew, 
whose  chastity  is  his  great  boast,  may  be  in 
these  countries,  I  have  no  means  of  judging; 
but  I  know  that  if  he  thinks  he  can'  increase 
his  own  gains  by  pandering  to  the  immorality 
of  others,  he  is  quite  ready  to  do  so.  In  small 
Austrian  towns  of  five  or  six  hundred  inhabit- 
ants I  have  had  overtures  made  to  me  by  Jews 
in  curls  and  caftan  which  hitherto  I  had  never 
heard  even  suggested,  save  in  the  large  cities  of 
western  Europe.  Nor  is  he  in  other  ways  more 
virtuous  and  orderly  than  his  Christian  fellow- 

12 


90  ftbe  5ew  at  tbome, 

citizen,  much  as  his  superior  virtue  is  vaunted. 
I  have  already  referred  to  the  statement  of  the 
authorities  of  Maramaros  Sziget,  that  by  far  the 
greater  number  of  thieves  in  their  prisons  were 
Jews.  In  Vienna,  the  only  place  where  I  found 
a  special  policeman  on  duty — except,  of  course, 
the  mounted  police,  who  direct  the  traffic  in  the 
larger  thoroughfares — was  in  front  of  a  drink- 
ing-house,  used  as  an  old-clothes  exchange,  in 
the  Judengasse,  and  he  scarcely  would  have 
been  there  without  good  reason. 

It  should  also  be  remembered  by  those  who 
are  spending  their  sentiment  and  cash  on  the 
Russian  Jews  that  in  a  large  part  of  Little  Rus- 
sia they  are  not  Jews  at  all — that  is,  by  race- 
but  descendants  not  of  Semites  from  Judea,  but 
of  that  Tartar  tribe  who  wrere  converted  to 
Judaism  centuries  ago,  at  the  time  when  it 
seemed  likely  that  the  whole  of  southern  Rus- 
sia would  become  a  Jewish  empire.  And  a  great 
pity  it  did  not,  for  then  the  Russian  Jews  would 
have  kept  to  their  own  home,  and  not  come 


flu  IRussia. 


wandering  westward  to  add  to  the  already  over- 
numerous  social  and  industrial  problems  of  Eng- 
land and  America. 

As  he  comes  westward,  the   Jew   does  not 


Type  of  Sziget  Jew. 

put  off  his  Russian  ways  with  the  Russian  yoke. 
It  is  because  he  remains  practically  the  same— 


92  Ube  Sew  at  tbome. 


his  peculiarities  exaggerated  rather  than  toned 
down — when  he  settles  himself  in  Austria  and 
Hungary,  that  it  is  so  much  more  instructive 
just  now  to  study  him  in  those  countries  than 
in  Russia.  It  is  but  the  occasional  Russian  Jew 
who  pushes  himself  to  the  front  and  makes  his 
way  to  and  in  the  Hungarian  capital ;  for, 
though  Buda-Pesth  is  fast  becoming  a  great 
Jewish  town,  the  majority  of  its  rich  Jews  are 
Germans  or  Hungarians.  The  Russian  or  Polish 
Jew  there,  as  a  rule,  is  as  greasy  and  dirty  and 
poor  as  in  Berdicheff.  When  he  does  so  ex- 
ceptionally rise  in  the  Hungarian  world,  this  is 
the  manner  of  his  rising,  as  Hungarians  explain 
it :  In  the  first  generation  he  comes  to  Mard- 
maros  Sziget,  or  some  other  town  near  the  front- 
ier ;  in  the  second,  he  keeps  an  inn  in  the  mount- 
ains of  Mdrdmaros  or  Transylvania,  or,  better 
still,  in  the  great  Hungarian  plain ;  in  the  third, 
he  reaches  Buda-Pesth ;  in  the  fourth,  he  makes 
his  fortune ;  in  the  fifth,  he  spends  it,  and  goes 
back  to  begin  all  over  again;  and  it  must  be 


. 


i 


1Fn  IRussia.  95 


borne  in  mind  that  it  is  not  the  fifth — of  whom 
something  might  be  made — but  the  first,  with 
whom  we  have  to  deal  under  Baron  Hirsch's 
great  scheme.  The  majority  remain  as  I  have 
described  them  in  Sziget  and  Brody,  indifferent 
to  all  the  decencies  of  life,  reviving  the  gro- 
tesque curls  of  which  they  are  shorn  in  Kussia, 
and  relapsing  into  the  dirt  in  which — and  per- 
haps this  is  one  of  their  chief  grievances  against 
the  Russian  Government — they  are  not  so  free 
to  wallow  in  Russia.  Unpleasant  as  is  Berdi- 
cheff,  it  is  beautifully  clean  compared  to  the 
Jewish  quarters  of  Sziget  and  Brody.  With 
their  liberty  they  sink  deeper  into,  instead  of 
seeking  to  escape  from,  the  degradation  which 
we  are  charitable  enough  to  think  entirely  the 
result  of  Russian  persecution.  They  like  dirt ; 
they  like  to  herd  together  in  human  pigsties ; 
they  like  to  live  on  worse  than  nothing  —  on 
food  which  would  not  be  enough  even  for  the 
abstemious  Slovak;  they  like  to  make  money 
out  of  the  immorality  of  the  Christian.  They 


96  Ube  3ew  at  1bome. 

are  simply  a  race  of  middlemen  and  money- 
changers. Is  it  any  wonder,  then,  that  in  Aus- 
tria-Hungary the  people  feel  about  them  very 
much  as  the  Americans  felt  about  the  China- 
men? Nor  does  the  Polish  Jew  do  better  when 
he  moves  or  is  moved  still  farther  westward. 
Ask  the  Whitechapel  workman  what  he  thinks 
of  the  Polish  Jew,  who,  because  he  can  exist 
on  a  miserable  wage,  threatens  to  supplant  the 
native.  Or  ask  the  New  Yorker  who  has  to 
come  in  contact  with  him  in  the  struggle  for 
bread  and  butter  his  opinion  of  the  thirty-five 
thousand  now  living  in  and  about  the  Bowery. 

To  see  the  Polish  Jew  at  home  is  to  under- 
stand the  desire  of  Continental  philanthropists 
to  establish  him  in  colonies  over  the  sea.  To 
get  rid  of  him  is  the  sole  object  of  Russians,  to 
keep  him  out  of  their  country  the  chief  end  of 
Austrians  and  Hungarians.  Jews  of  other  na- 
tionalities themselves  are  as  eager  to  be  done 
with  him  forever.  Millionaires  of  Hamburg 
give  their  thousands  cheerfully  to  encourage  a 


Type  of  Polish  Jew. 


13 


1Fn  IRussia.  99 


new  exodus  which  will  prevent  his  settling  in 
Germany  and  perhaps  injuring  the  millionaires' 
business ;  what  he  does  in  England  and  Amer- 
ica is  of  no  importance  to  the  gentlemen  of 
Hamburg.  Scattered  here  and  there,  singly  and 
alone,  the  Polish  Jew  might  become  as  desira- 
ble a  citizen  as  any  one  else.  Brought  away  in 
families  and  colonies,  as  the  Austrian  or  Hun- 
garian knows,  he  is  as  serious  a  demoralizing 
factor  in  the  community  as  the  Chinaman,  and 
to  be  kept  out  at  any  cost.  Even  the  Turk, 
himself  not  an  overclean  animal,  knows  this, 
and  refuses  to  receive  Jewish  families  into  the 
Ottoman  Empire,  basing  his  refusal  on  sanitary 
grounds.  Probably  Austrians  and  Hungarians 
will  hold  their  peace  until  the  present  emigra- 
tion fever  is  over,  for  the  more  who  are  trans- 
ported to  lands  far  from  Russia  the  fewer  will 
be  left  to  come  crowding  across  the  frontier 
into  Austria-Hungary. 

Any  one  who  has  traveled  the  main  Russian 
railway  from  the  great  junction  where  the  lines 


ioo  zrbe  Sew  at  1bome. 

from  St.  Petersburg,  Moscow,  Kieff,  and  Odessa 
come  together,  down  to  Woloczyska,  knows  why 
the  Austrian  fears  the  Jew.  Into  the  towns 
which  lie  near  this  line  for  years  the  Russians 
have  been  pushing  the  Jews.  Every  town  over- 
flows with  them.  As  you  pass  in  the  train  you 
see  their  long  black  figures  stalking  across  the 
fields,  and  as  your  carriage  comes  to  a  stop  you 
imagine  you  have  arrived  in  a  new  Jerusalem. 
The  merest  wayside  station  is  crowded  with 
them;  they  block  up  the  exits  and  the  en- 
trances ;  comparatively  few  get  on  or  off  the 
train,  though  these  Jews  will  travel  any  dis- 
tance if  by  doing  so  they  can  handle  enough 
money  to  cover  their  railway  ticket.  The  ex- 
cuse which  permits  them  to  overrun  the  Rus- 
sian railway  stations  is  that  they  have  come  for 
their  letters.  But  while  you  may  see  one  or 
two  get  a  postcard,  fifty  or  a  hundred  are  sim- 
ply standing  there  waiting  for  something  to  turn 
up.  If  the  Russians  have  been  able  to  concen- 
trate such  a  large  proportion  of  their  Jewish 


flu  IRussia. 


population  right  on  the  Austrian  frontier,  the 
Austrians,  who  know  both  the  Russians  and  the 
Jews,  will  ask  you  what  there  is  to  prevent 
the  former  from  some  day  dumping  these  poor, 
wretched,  useless  people  right  into  their  coun- 


On  the  frontier. 

try  ?  It  is  this  dread  which  has  been  the  great- 
est ally  of  Baron  Hirsch  in  his  own  land.  To 
say  that  the  Russians  would  be  afraid  of  the 
consequences  is  not  to  know  anything  about 
the  country  or  the  people.  It  is  this  dread 


Sew  at  tbome. 


which  is  enabling  Baron  Hirsch  to  buy  land  in 
the  Argentine  Republic  at  four  times  its  value, 
and  to  transplant  thither  his  brethren,  of  whom 
he  is  so  terribly  anxious  to  be  rid.  But,  accord- 
ing to  the  latest  advices  from  South  America, 
they  have  no  intention  of  causing  the  desert  to 
blossom  as  the  rose,  and  they  are  leaving  their 
farms  and  their  stock  and  are  making  for  the 
more  promising  pastures  in  the  heart  of  the 
South  American  cities. 

That  the  Polish  Jews  are  only  too  ready 
to  accept  the  money  given  them  and  to  jour- 
ney to  far  countries  can  be  explained  without 
referring  to  the  tyranny  from  which  they  are 
supposed  to  long  to  escape.  Peasants  at  home 
in  a  land  and  attached  to  the  soil  would  often 
be  as  ready.  The  poor  Jew  thinks,  as  so  many 
other  and  better  men  have  thought  before  him, 
that  once  in  America  or  England  his  fortune  is 
made  ;  and  he  arrives  there  usually  only  to  be 
sweated  as  he  was  at  home,  only  to  live  as  mis- 
erably and  wretchedly.  He  is  no  better  off, 


In  South  America. 


fin  IRussia.  105 


while  the  people  into  Avhose  midst  he  is  brought 
are  far  worse  off.  There  is  no  more  pathetic 
figure  in  history  than  this  poor  wretch  whom 
nobody  wants,  who  is  an  outcast  wherever  he 
goes.  When  we  see  him  at  a  respectful  dis- 
tance, all  our  sympathies  are  stirred  and  we 
welcome  any  movement  in  his  behalf.  But  the 
better  we  know  him  the  more  anxious  we  are 
that  some  one  else,  not  ourselves,  should  be 
chosen  to  solve  his  problem. 


THE 


14 


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THE     PLANTA- 
TION.    By  JOEL  CHANDLER 
HARRIS.     With  numerous  Il- 
lustrations by  E.  W.  KEMBLE. 
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ume by  Joel  Chandler  Harris  will  be 
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in   the    chronicles   of    Uncle   Remus, 
On  the  Plantation   abounds   in    stir- 
ring incidents,  and  in  it  the  author 
presents  a  graphic  picture  of  certain 
phases  of  Southern  life  which  have  not 

appeared  in  his  books  before.  There  are  also  some  new  examples  of 
the  folk-lore  of  the  negroes  which  became  classic  when  presented  to 
the  public  in  the  pages  of  Uncle  Remus. 

This  charming  book  has  been  elaborately  illustrated  by  Mr.  E.  W. 
Kemble,  whose  thorough  familiarity  with  Southern  types  is  well  known 
to  the  reading  public.  The  book  is  uniform  with  Uncle  Remus,  and 
contains  in  all  twenty-three  illustrations. 

From  the  Introductory  Note. 

"  Some  of  my  friends  who  have  read  in  serial  form  the  chronicles 
that  follow  profess  to  find  in  them  something  more  than  an  autobio- 
graphical touch.  Be  it  so.  It  would  indeed  be  difficult  to  invest  the 
commonplace  character  and  adventures  of  Joe  Maxwell  with  the  vitality 
that  belongs  to  fiction.  Nevertheless,  the  lad  himself,  and  the  events 
which  are  herein  described,  seem  to  have  been  born  of  a  dream.  That 
which  is  fiction  pure  and  simple  in  these  pages  bears  to  me  the  stamp 
of  truth,  and  that  which  is  true  reads  like  a  clumsy  invention.  In  this 
matter  it  is  not  for  me  to  prompt  the  reader.  He  must  sift  the  fact  from 
the  fiction  and  label  it  to  suit  himself." 


New  York :  D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,   I,  3,  &  5  Bond  Street. 


D.  APPLETON  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  LATEST  BOOKS  BY  HERBERT  SPENCER. 

USTICE :  Being  Part  IV  of  "  The  Principles  of  Mo- 
rality"    I  vol.     I2mo.     Cloth,  $1.25. 

"  In  a  day  when  every  reader  is  deeply  absorbed  in  the  debate  over  questions  of 
ethics  anil  the  relations  of  man  to  man,  such  a  work  as  this  from  the  pen  of  one  of  the 
most  profound  of  modern  thinkers  must  make  a  wide  and  lasting  appeal.  Its  appear- 
ance is  a  notable  event  in  the  annals  of  modern  thought." — Philadelphia  Bulletin. 

to 
system 


J 


"  The  history  of  nineteenth-century  thought  has  offered  few  gratifications  equal 
that  with  which  we  view  the  approaching  completion  of  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer's  syst 
of  synthetic  philosophy." — Chicago  Evening  Journal. 

"  No  matter  how  much  the  reader  may  find  in  its  pages  that  he  can  not  agree  with, 
he  will  be  forced  to  recognize  the  earnestness  of  the  author,  and  to  admit  that  every 
page  is  a  stimulus  to  thought." — San  Francisco  Chronicle. 

"  Mr.  Spencer's  style  is  so  lucid  that  to  study  political  economy  of  him  is  rather  a 
pleasure  than  a  task." — Chicago  Tribune. 


NEW  EDITION  OF 

STATICS.  New  and  revised  edition,  in- 
eluding  "The  Man  versus  The  State,"  a  series  of  essays  on 
political  tendencies  heretofore  published  separately.  I2mo. 
420  pages.  Cloth,  $2.00. 

Having  been  much  annoyed  by  the  persistent  quotation  from  the  old  edi- 
tion of  "Social  Statics,"  in  the  face  of  repeated  warnings,  of  views  which 
he  had  abandoned,  and  by  the  misquotation  of  others  which  he  still  holds, 
Mr.  Spencer  some  ten  years  ago  stopped  the  sale  of  the  book  in  England  and 
prohibited  its  translation.  But  the  rapid  spread  of  communistic  theories 
gave  new  life  to  these  misrepresentations ;  hence  Mr.  Spencer  decided  to 
delay  no  longer  a  statement  of  his  mature  opinions  on  the  rights  of  individuals 
and  the  duty  of  the  state. 

CONTENTS:  Happiness  as  an  Immediate  Aim. — Unguided  Expediency. — The 
Moral-Sense  Doctrine.— What  is  Morality  ?— The  Evanescence  [?  Diminution]  of  Evil. 
— Greatest  Happiness  must  be  sought  indirectly. — Derivation  of  a  First  Principle. — 
Secondary  Derivation  of  a  First  Principle. — First  Principle. — Application  of  this  First 
Principle. — The  Right  of  Property. — Socialism. — The  Right  of  Property  in  Ideas. — 
The  Rights  of  Women.— The  Rights  of  Children.— Political  Rights.— The  Constitution 
of  the  State.— The  Duty  of  the  State.— The  Limit  of  State-Duty.— The  Regulation  of 
Commerce — Religious  Establishments. — Poor- Laws. — National  Education. — Govern- 
ment Colonization.  — Sanitary  Supervision. — Currency,  Postal  Arrangements,  etc. — 
General  Considerations. — The  New  Toryism. — The  Coming  Slavery. — The  Sins  of 
Legislators.— The  Great  Political  Superstition. 


New  York:  D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,   i,  3,  &  5  Bond  Street. 


T 


D.  APPLETON  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 
'HE  LAST  WORDS  OF  THOMAS  CARL  YLE. 

Including  Wotton  Reinfred,  Carlyle's  only  essay  in  fiction  ;  the 
Excursion  (Futile  Enough}  to  Paris ;  and  letters  from  Thomas 
Carlyle,  also  letters  from  Mrs.  Carlyle,  to  a  personal  friend. 
With  Portrait.  I2mo.  Cloth. 

FROM   THE  INTRODUCTION. 

"  The  two  manuscripts  included  in  '  The  Last  Words  of  Thcmas  Carlyle ' 
were  left  among  the  author's  papers  at  his  death.  One  of  them,  '  Wotton 
Reinfred,'  is  Carlyle's  only  essay  in  fiction,  and  it  therefore  possesses  so  dis- 
tinctive an  interest  that  its  omission  from  Carlyle's  complete  works  would 
not  be  justifiable.  The  other,  '  Excursion  (Futile  Enough)  to  Paris,'  offers  a 
vivid  picture  of  Carlyle's  personality.  By  the  publication  of  these  two  manu- 
scripts, with  the  accompanying  letters,  a  new  and  considerable  volume  is 
added  to  the  list  of  Carlyle's  workj. 

"  'Wotton  Reinfred  '  was  probably  written  soon  after  Carlyle's  marriage, 
at  the  time  when  he  and  his  wife  entertained  the  idea  of  producing  a  novel  in 
collaboration.  The  romance  may  be  said  to  possess  a  peculiar  psychological 
interest,  inasmuch  as  it  represents  the  earlier  period  of  Carlyle's  literary  de- 
velopment. In  the  labored  but  not  faulty  style,  the  most  familiar  character- 
istics of  the  writer's  later  work  are  only  occasionally  apparent.  So  far  as 
matter  is  concerned,  the  reader  wLl  not  be  slow  to  discover,  in  the  conversa- 
tions of  Wotton  and  the  Doctor,  the  first  expression  of  ideas  and  doctrines 
afterward  set  forth  with  more  formality  in  '  Sartor  Resartus.'  '  It  is  a  poor 
philosophy  which  can  be  taught  in  words,'  is  the  Doctor's  proposition.  '  We 
talk  and  talk,  and  talking  without  acting,  though  Socrates  were  the  speaker, 
does  not  help  our  case,  but  aggravates  it.  Thou  must  act,  thou  must  woik, 
thou  must  do !  Colhct  thyself,  compose  thyself,  find  what  is  wanting  that 
so  tortures  thee,  do  but  attempt  with  all  thy  strength  to  attain  it,  and  thcu 
art  saved.'  Here  is  the  doctrine  afterward  expanded  by  Teufekdrockh  in 
4  Sartor  Resartus.' 

"Concerning  Carlyle's  judgment  of  his  contemporaries  he  has  often  en- 
lightened us  with  his  wonted  frankness,  but  in  '  Wotton  Reinfred '  alone  he 
appears  as  the  writer  of  a  romance  whose  characters  are  drawn  from  real  life. 
On  this  point  we  may  quote  Mr.  James  Anthony  Froude,  who  says  : 

"  '  The  interes*  of  "  Wotton  Reinfred  "  to  me  is  considerable  from  the  sketches  which 
it  contains  of  particular  men  and  women,  most  of  whom  I  knew  and  could,  if  necessary, 
identify.  The  story,  too,  is  takeng  enerally  frcm  real  life,  and  perhaps  Carlyle  did 
not  finish  it  from  the  sense  that  it  could  not  be  published  while  the  persons  and  things 
could  be  recognized.  That  objection  to  the  publication  no  longer  exists.  Everybody  is 
dead  whose  likenesses  have  been  drawn,  and  the  incidents  stated  have  long  been 
forgotten.' 

"  The  '  Excursion  (Futile  Enough)  to  Paris  '  is  the  unreserved  daily  record 
of  a  journey  in  company  with  the  Brownings,  when  Carlyle  paid  a  visit  to 
Lord  Ashburton.  That  this  record  is  characteristic,  and  that  it  presents  a 
singularly  vivid  picture  of  the  writer's  personality,  is  self-evident.  It  is  a 
picture  which  adds  something  to  our  knowledge  of  Carlyle  the  man,  and  is 
therefore  worth  preservation.  The  world  has  long  since  known  that  even 
Carlyle's  heroic  figure  may  claim  the  sympathy  and  pity  due  a  great  soul 
fretting  against  its  material  environments." 


New  York ;  D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  i,  3,  &  5  Bond  Street. 


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